A Latent Space Diffusion Item Response Theory Model to Explore Conditional Dependence between Responses and Response Times

Abstract
Traditional measurement models assume that all item responses correlate with each other only through their underlying latent variables. This conditional independence assumption has been extended in joint models of responses and response times (RTs), implying that an item has the same item characteristics fors all respondents regardless of levels of latent ability/trait and speed. However, previous studies have shown that this assumption is violated in various types of tests and questionnaires and there are substantial interactions between respondents and items that cannot be captured by person- and item-effect parameters in psychometric models with the conditional independence assumption. To study the existence and potential cognitive sources of conditional dependence and utilize it to extract diagnostic information for respondents and items, we propose a diffusion item response theory model integrated with the latent space of variations in information processing rate of within-individual measurement processes. Respondents and items are mapped onto the latent space, and their distances represent conditional dependence and unexplained interactions. We provide three empirical applications to illustrate (1) how to use an estimated latent space to inform conditional dependence and its relation to person and item measures, (2) how to derive diagnostic feedback personalized for respondents, and (3) how to validate estimated results with an external measure. We also provide a simulation study to support that the proposed approach can accurately recover its parameters and detect conditional dependence underlying data.

Psychometrika , Volume 88 , Issue 3 , September 2023 , pp. 830 - 864